[192] "Meet Zechariah: John the Baptist's Father." John the Baptist (c. 1st century BC - c. AD 30) was a Judaean mission preacher active in the area of Jordan River in the early 1st century AD. Well, when Luke kicks off his story of Jesus, he begins with an angel speaking to Jesus relative, Zechariah. The news of John's death was brought to Jesus by the disciples of the Baptist . 6. This would make Jesus and John related in the same manner (i.e. His formative years were spent in the Judaean desert, where monastic communities, such as the Essenes (a strict Jewish sect that existed from about the 2nd century bce to the end of the 1st century ce), and individual hermits often educated the young in their own ideals. Know about Saint John the Baptist, the forerunner of Jesus. His disciples buried his remains. Its possible that there was some mix, but I dont think we necessarily need to apply the DNA test to Jesus. The Christian holy day is fixed at 24 June; but in most countries festivities are mostly held the night before, on Saint John's Eve. "[194], John Dominic Crossan sees John the Baptist as an apocalyptic eschatologist, whose message was that "God, very soon, imminently, any moment, is going to descend to eradicate the evil of this world in a sort of an apocalyptic consummation"[194] When Jesus says John is the greatest person ever born on earth, but the least in the Kingdom of God is greater than John, it means Jesus is changing his vision of God and the Kingdom of God from what he has taken from John. It is possible, with permission from the monks, to see the original tomb where the remains were found. To "not know" Jesus then, likely had much more to do with not knowing him "officially, as the Messiah" (Vincent, 1997 . Here John and the Theotokos (Mary the "God-bearer") flank a Christ Pantocrator and intercede for humanity. [62] Matthew's approach is to shift the focus away from Herod and onto John as a prototype of Jesus. He spent most of his time in the wilderness, urging people to repent and proclaiming the Kingdom of God. The Gospel According to John reduces the Baptist from an Elijah to a model Christian preacher, a mere voice; it omits any description of Jesus baptism. Learn Religions, Dec. 6, 2021, learnreligions.com/zechariah-father-of-john-the-baptist-701075. Herod Antipas later had John the Baptist executed 'to prevent any mischief he might cause, and not bring himself into difficulties'. According to this belief, John was "ordained by the angel of God" when he was eight days old "to overthrow the kingdom of the Jews" and to prepare a people for the Lord. It seems like for the original readers of the gospels, Jesus being a son in Josephs household was qualifying enough for him to be a descendant of David. Eastern Catholic and Orthodox churches will often have an icon of Saint John the Baptist in a place of honor on the iconostasis, and he is frequently mentioned during the Divine Services. We do not know his full name, but he is recognized by his activity. Zechariah and Elizabeth are old and have no children: similar to how Abraham and Sarah were before the birth of Isaac. [83], All four Gospels start Jesus' ministry in association with the appearance of John the Baptist. John's last act towards Jesus had effectually united the two schools in the most intimate bonds. Compared with the Christian accounts, that of Josephus sought to present Jewish religious phenomena in Hellenistic categories and to deemphasize any political elements unfavourable to Roman imperial control. Read about John the Baptist, well-known for baptizing Jesus in the river Jordan, the precursor or forerunner of Jesus. Later, King Herod put John the Baptist in prison. A Mosque in the area of Medina, possibly: This page was last edited on 14 January 2023, at 20:03. [2] Many Orthodox Christians come to France, but not all of them know how many holy relics there are still on French soil despite the outrages committed against them during the French Revolution and subsequent forgetfulness of . Equally unprovable is that it was a rite symbolizing mans reunion with divinity and return to his heavenly homea sacrament of salvation and rebirth. John was exhorted to hold fast to the Scripture and was given wisdom by God while still a child. John the Baptist preached to people and baptised them. [209] The execution was usually by a swordsman, with John kneeling in prayer, Salome often standing by with an empty platter, and Herod and Herodias at table in a cut-through view of a building in the background. According to the New Testament, Herod Antipas, ruler of Galilee under the Roman Empire, had imprisoned John the Baptist because he had publicly reproved Herod for divorcing his first wife and . Also, on the night of 23 June on to the 24th, Saint John is celebrated as the patron saint of Porto, the second largest city in Portugal. [33][34], Some scholars maintain that John belonged to the Essenes, a semi-ascetic Jewish sect who expected a messiah and practiced ritual baptism. [236], He is also patron of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Charleston, which covers the whole of South Carolina in the United States. He is also known as John the Forerunner in Christianity, John the Immerser in some Baptist Christian traditions, and Prophet Yahya in Islam.He is sometimes alternatively referred to as John the Baptiser.. John is mentioned by the Roman Jewish . John the Baptist was most likely between 31 and 32 years old at his death. John the Baptist preached to people and baptised them in the Jordan. He was born somewhere in Judaea (localized at En Kerem from at least 530 ce) to Zechariah, a priest of the order of Abijah, and his wife, Elizabeth, perhaps a relative of Mary, the mother of Jesus. Ultimately, Herodias's hate-filled grudge against John the Baptist was the reason he was beheaded. [99], The saint's left hand is allegedly preserved in the Armenian Apostolic Church of St. John at Chinsurah, West Bengal, in India, where each year on "Chinsurah Day" in January it blesses the Armenian Christians of Calcutta. Meet John the Baptist: The Greatest Man to Ever Live, Meet Elizabeth, Mother of John the Baptist, The Ultimate List of Christmas Bible Verses to Celebrate Jesus' Birth, Introduction to the Book of Zechariah: The Messiah Is Coming, Satan Tempts Jesus in the Wilderness Bible Study Guide, The Visitation of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Chronology of the Birth and Life of Jesus Christ, Saint John the Baptist, Patron Saint of Conversion, Enjoy the Complete Christmas Story of the Birth of Jesus, Meditations on the Joyful Mysteries of the Rosary, M.A., English Composition, Illinois State University, B.S., English Literature, Illinois State University. Herod Antipas didn't believe Jesus was John the Baptist, but had to be someone else. In the other man, we will see a wonderful example of faith. The Gospel of Mark introduces John as a fulfillment of a prophecy from the Book of Isaiah (in fact, a conflation of texts from Isaiah, Malachi and Exodus)[47] about a messenger being sent ahead, and a voice crying out in the wilderness. In her sixth month, she was visited by her kinswoman Mary. Luke doesnt record Zechariahs prayer. Even at the moment that John seemed to be doubting Jesus, Jesus still praised him as "more than a prophet" and "the greatest born of women.". The father of John the Baptist, and husband of Elizabeth. [22][23][24], John is mentioned by the Roman Jewish historian Josephus[25] and he is revered as a major religious figure[26] in Christianity, Islam, the Bah Faith,[27] the Druze Faith, and Mandaeism, the latter in which he is considered to be the final and most vital prophet. In the original apocryphal Acts of John, the apostle dies; however, later traditions assume that he ascended to heaven. Islamic tradition maintains that John met Muhammad on the night of the Mi'raj, along with Jesus in the second heaven. For more see in this article at "Religious views: Christianity", under "Catholic Church" and "Eastern Christianity". Versuch eines geschichtliches Bildes bis zur frh-islamischen Zeit," chap. John the Baptist preached a message of repentance expressed in water baptism and bearing active fruit in one's lif e in preparation for the appearing of the Messiah, whose coming would represent a divine visitation. His feast day of 24 June is celebrated officially in Quebec as the Fte Nationale du Qubec and was previously celebrated in Newfoundland as Discovery Day. After Herod the Great's death, his kingdom broke up into smaller territories over which his sons ruled. GNDZ, INASI. Whereas the Quran itself gives blessings of peace to John (Quran 19:15), Jesus, in contrast, gives himself the blessings of peace. In the days of Herod, king of Judea, there was a priest named Zacharias, of the division of Abijah; and he had a wife from the daughters of Aaron, and her name was Elizabeth. Luke 1:5 NASB, My question: If Elizabeth is from the priestly line, the tribe of Levi, how can she be related to Mary, the mother of Jesus, who is from the line of David, the tribe of Judah? Studia Antiqua 5, no. Scholars studying John the Baptist's relationship with Jesus of Nazareth have commented on the differences in their respective approaches. According to the Gospels, Johns death preceded Jesus; any greater chronological precision depends on the dates of Jesus ministry and death. When the head is brought to the table by Salome, Herod may be shown as startled, if not disgusted, but Herodias is usually not. In Luke 1:17 the role of John is referred to as being "to turn the hearts of the fathers to the children, and the disobedient to the wisdom of the just; to make ready a people prepared for the Lord. Most of our stories of Jesus birth start with an angel speaking to either Mary or Joseph, right? Old Town Sozopol Bulgaria's 'Rescued' Miracle and Its Modern Day Saviors. Oscar Wilde's play Salome was illustrated by Aubrey Beardsley, giving rise to some of his most memorable images. This site uses cookies to analyze traffic and ensure you get the best experience. John the Baptist plays an important role in the Gospels as the one who was to prepare the way for the messiah. After bidding Jesus and Mary good-bye at the end of this enjoyable visit, John did not again see Jesus until the event of his baptism in the Jordan. Hi, thanks for the bible study. But, this does not mean he did not know various things about Jesus. For Matthew, Johns death, like that of Jesus, illustrates the old Israels hostility to Gods offer of salvation. It then explains that John had rebuked Herod for marrying Herodias, the ex-wife of his brother (named here as Philip). Zavada, Jack. John boldly spoke out against this marriage, much to the dislike of Herodias, Herod's new wife ( Luke 3:19-20; Mark 6:17-20 ). The relic is displayed on the high altar of the Siena Cathedral annually in June. His disciples told him Jesus was successful; John endorsed Jesus as his superior and the Son of God. John's disciples take the body away and bury it in a tomb. [179] The Quran says: "O Yaya! 3 Sometime before this, Herod had arrested John, tied him up, and put him into prison. And in today's scripture, Jesus didn't rebuke John. Although, the Bible does not say exactly when John the Baptist died. [153] Mandaeans believe that they descend directly from John's original disciples[154] but they do not believe that their religion began with John, tracing their beliefs back to their first prophet Adam. [69], Elizabeth is described as a "relative" of Mary the mother of Jesus, in Luke 1:36. [90], According to this passage, the execution of John was blamed for the defeat Herod suffered. 1 John 3:9 says that those who have the seed (Holy Spirit) do not (willfully) sin, so did John the Baptist ever willfully sin? Accordingly he was sent a prisoner, out of Herod's suspicious temper, to Macherus, the castle I before mentioned, and was there put to death. [71] Gza Vermes has called it "artificial and undoubtedly Luke's creation". [84] Simon J. Joseph has argued that the Gospel demotes the historical John by painting him only as a prophetic forerunner to Jesus whereas his ministry actually complemented Jesus'. According to the canonical Gospels, John died shortly after Jesus began his ministry. [72] The many similarities between the Gospel of Luke story of the birth of John and the Old Testament account of the birth of Samuel suggest that Luke's account of the annunciation and birth of Jesus are modeled on that of Samuel.[73]. In the Baptism of Christ his presence was obligatory. Some scholars maintain that John belonged to the Essenes, a semi-ascetic Jewish sect who expected a messiah and practiced ritual baptism. The account describes how, as he emerges from the water, Jesus sees the heavens open and the Holy Spirit descends on him "like a dove", and he hears a voice from heaven that says, "You are my Son, the Beloved; with you I am well pleased".[48]. In the Gospel of John, John the Baptist explicitly denies being Elijah. [70] There is no mention of a family relationship between John and Jesus in the other Gospels, and Raymond E. Brown has described it as "of dubious historicity". His mission was addressed to all ranks and stations of Jewish society. Since he is described as a priest of the course of Abijah and Elizabeth as one of the daughters of Aaron,[67] this would make John a descendant of Aaron on both his father's and mother's side. New comments cannot be posted and votes cannot be cast . ditches 'Discovery Day' holiday criticized for erasing Indigenous presence", "Diocesan patron, St. John the Baptist, a minister of joy and mercy", Mandaean Book of John translation project, Current Ummah of Islam (Ummah of Muhammad), ibn Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_the_Baptist&oldid=1133634037, Christian martyrs executed by decapitation, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Articles containing Classical Syriac-language text, Articles containing Classical Mandaic-language text, Pages with numeric Bible version references, Articles with dead external links from February 2020, Articles with permanently dead external links, Pages containing links to subscription-only content, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2020, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2021, Articles containing Italian-language text, Articles needing additional references from February 2019, All articles needing additional references, Articles containing Portuguese-language text, Articles containing Spanish-language text, Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Pages using Sister project links with default search, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Luke 3:122; Acts 1:5, 1:2122, 10:3738, 11:16, 13:2425, 18:25, 19:34. This may be because of the Baptist's own words, 'He must increase, but I must decrease' (John 3:30). The 12 tribes were all related. Logos Bible Software 10 review: Do you REALLY need it? "The Israelite Origins of the Mandaean People." John's failure to follow Jesus became the chief obstacle to the fulfillment of Jesus' mission. Cleanse your eyes! His crime was hardly the innocuous moral message Josephus presents, nor would his message, as found in the Gospels, have had much more immediate political bite. He does so by sharing 20 short pieces of commentary and 20 short sermons. [150][151], John the Baptist, or Yuhana Mabana (Classical Mandaic: , lit. Let us understand John the Baptist. Since it shows signs of having been composed in Aramaic, which Mark apparently did not speak, he is likely to have got it from a Palestinian source. The Jewish historian, Flavius Josephus, seems to place his death much later, in late 35 or early 36 CE. (Matthew and Luke drop the first part of the reference.)[47]. We know from the New Testament Gospels that Jesus' mother, Mary, and John's mother, Elizabeth, were related; probably cousins (Luke 1:36a). [186] Druze venerate John the Baptist and he is considered a central figure in Druzism. Jesus's baptism is implied but not depicted. Moreover, John also denied that he was Elijah when queried by several Jewish leaders,[137] contradicting Jesus who stated John is Elijah who was to come. After an illness of several months Zacharias died in July, A.D. 12, when John was just past eighteen years of age. Although John had endeavored to comply with the restrictions of his vow regarding contamination by the . Herod wanted to kill John, but was afraid of the people. Nor is a hypothesis that it symbolized a new Israels crossing of the Red Sea toward a new national deliverance demonstrable. Eliot in stanza 12. On this see Chapter V, "The Power of Women", in H. Diane Russell; Prologue about John the Baptist's identity and mission, John the Baptist was executed by beheading, Beheading of Saint John the Baptist Relics, Monastery of Saint John in the Wilderness, First and Second Finding of the Head of St. John the Baptist, Conception of the Honorable Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, Synaxis of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, First and second finding of the Honorable Head of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner, and Baptist of the Lord, John, Third Finding of the Honorable Head of the Holy Glorious Prophet, Forerunner and Baptist John, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Harmony Township, Susquehanna County, Pennsylvania, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Historical background of the New Testament, List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources, St. John the Baptist Cathedral (disambiguation), Saint John the Baptist Church (disambiguation), Statue of John the Baptist, Charles Bridge, "John the Baptist, the Precursor of Christ", " :: ()", "H : ", ": , (7 )", "St. John the Baptist | Facts, Feast Day, & Death | Britannica", "Bible Gateway passage: Matthew 11:14 New King James Version", "Bible Gateway passage: Luke 1:17 New King James Version", "Bible Gateway passage: 1:36 SBL Greek New Testament", https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/515366/sacrament, "Few would doubt the basic factJesus was baptized by John", "Isaiah 40.3 NRSV A voice cries out: "In the wilderness", Ancient Christian Commentary on Scripture Luke: New Testament III, "Online Bible New International Version", "The Holy Finger at the Nelson-Atkins is an unusual piece of biblical history", "Are these the bones of John the Baptist? (Luke 1:5) who was a Levite. For Crossan, Jesus is an ethical eschatologist that sees "the demand that God is making on us, not us on God so much as God on us, to do something about the evil in the world."[194]. [171] John's story was also told to the Abyssinian king during the Muslim refugees' Migration to Abyssinia. This is why the disciples ask Jesus in Matthew 17:10, "Why then say the scribes that Elias must first come? In 27/28 or 28/29 John attained prominence, not as a priest but as a prophet. John the Baptist lived to the age of 29-33 years old. In the same way the Son of Man is going to suffer at their hands." John had all the benefits of the godly upbringing of his good and noble father and mother. The Day of the advent of the Glorious Lord is at hand! He is well-known in Bible history as a man who publicly spoke about the soon arrival of the Messiah. There were several other baptizing groups found about the same time and place, but none of these various and little-known baptisms can be shown to have inspired Johns. Moses: The Old Testaments Greatest Prophet. Although, like earlier prophets, John had an inner circle of disciples, baptism was not an admission rite into this group. For three months, her relative Mary has been staying with her. Her name means 'my God has sworn' or 'God is my oath' and she was a pious and privileged woman. John the Baptist has appeared in a number of screen adaptations of the life of Jesus. All of history has been preparing for the coming of the Messiah. "; Biblical Theology Bulletin, Volume 38 Nov 2008; p158 -162, The story of his execution appears in the Bible books. give me a Sign." That lineage was traced through the fathers. I am reading Luke 1 this morning and was wondering about the relationship between Zecharias wife, Elizabeth and Mary, the mother of Jesus. Most modern scholars believe that John the Baptist performed a baptism on Jesus , and view it as a historical event to which a high degree of certainty can be assigned. Elizabeth was a descendant of Israel's first high priest named Aaron (Luke 1:5) and a cousin of Jesus' mother Mary (Luke 1:36). He is also a Prophet who figures prominently in Christianity, where he is known as John the Baptist. "[130][131], The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints teaches that John the Baptist appeared on the banks of the Susquehanna River near Harmony Township, Susquehanna County, Pennsylvania, as a resurrected being to Joseph Smith and Oliver Cowdery on 15 May 1829, and ordained them to the Aaronic priesthood. [178] Muslim exegesis narrates that Jesus sent John out with twelve disciples,[182] who preached the message before Jesus called his own disciples. According to the Book of Acts, Paul met some "disciples of John" in Ephesus.[124]. Mary had been told by the angel Gabriel that she would give birth to the Savior, Jesus. These include a passage in the Book of Malachi that refers to a prophet who would "prepare the way of the Lord": Behold, I will send my messenger, and he shall prepare the way before me: and the Lord, whom ye seek, shall suddenly come to his temple, even the messenger of the covenant, whom ye delight in: behold, he shall come, saith the LORD of hosts. He was so entirely different from the majority of the Nazarites that he found it very difficult fully to fraternize with the brotherhood. [191], John is believed to have had the specific role of foretelling and preparing the way for Jesus. When Herod's edict went forth to destroy the young children, John was about six months older than Jesus, and came under this hellish edict, and Zecharias caused his mother to take him into the mountains, where he was raised on locusts and wild honey. John was, of course, referring to Jesus. John's father, Zechariah , was a priest who at the time of the incense offering in the Temple was visited by the angel Gabriel, who . Even in his mothers womb John recognizes Jesusalso still in his mothers wombas his Lord. Matthew 14: 1 - 12 John the Baptist is killed in prison by King Herod. [237], Calamba City, Laguna, Calumpit, Bulacan, Balayan and Lian in Batangas, Sipocot and San Fernando, Camarines Sur, Daet, Camarines Norte San Juan, Metro Manila, Tabuelan, Cebu, and Jimenez, Misamis Occidental are among several places in the Philippines that venerate John as the town or city patron. Jesus was among the recipients of his rite of baptism. (Which makes sense, since marriage and fatherhood was the main way they tracked lineages.). [203] Major works depicting St. John the Baptist can be found in the Florence Baptistery, including the mosaics on the vault, the bronze doors by Andrea Pisano, and the great silver altar[204] now in the Museo dell'Opera del Duomo. A man who was committed to what he believed, though it eventually cost him his life on this earth. Johns baptism probably symbolized not so much anticipated entrance into the kingdom of God as an anticipatory submission to the coming world judgment, which was represented as a coming second baptism by the Holy Spirit in a river of fire. But I tell you that Elijah has indeed come, and they have done to him whatever they wished, just as it is written about him." [This was John the Baptist.] Known for: John the Baptist was a forerunner and prophet of the Messiah who prepared people for the coming of Jesus Christ.He preached a gospel of forgiveness of sins and offered a baptism symbolizing repentance. The Bah Faith considers John to have been a prophet of God who like all other prophets was sent to instill the knowledge of God, promote unity among the people of the world, and to show people the correct way to live. heard about Jesus' deeds (in. "[117] The disciples are then told by Jesus that Elijah came in the person of John the Baptist. When Mary greeted Elizabeth, the baby in Elizabeth's womb leaped for joy. [125] In her Treatise of Prayer, Saint Catherine of Siena includes a brief altercation with the Devil regarding her fight due to the Devil attempting to lure her with vanity and flattery. Mark 6:19 states, "So Herodias nursed a grudge against John and wanted to kill him.". Like Mary's mother St Anne , Elizabeth had trouble conceiving, and this gave both husbands . [123] John the Baptist is thought to have been either an Essene or "associated" with the community at Khirbet Qumran. The main church in the city is still the medieval Kirk of St. John the Baptist and the city's professional football club is called St Johnstone F.C. Elizabeth, the ex-wife of his time in the same way the Son of God Elizabeth had trouble conceiving and! Or Yuhana Mabana ( Classical Mandaic:, lit though it eventually him... And have no children: similar to how Abraham and Sarah were before the birth of Isaac depends the... Take the body away and bury it in a tomb, under `` Catholic Church '' and Eastern. `` Catholic Church '' and `` Eastern Christianity '', under `` Catholic Church '' ``! So entirely different from the majority of the Red Sea toward a new Israels crossing of the messiah at... Womb John recognizes Jesusalso still in his mothers womb John recognizes Jesusalso still in his mothers womb recognizes. But as a priest but as a prototype of Jesus, illustrates the old hostility! Would make Jesus and John related in the most intimate bonds original apocryphal Acts of John in! His presence was obligatory failure to follow Jesus became the chief obstacle to the Savior, didn., since marriage and fatherhood was the main way they tracked lineages how did john the baptist father died ) [ 47 ] by God still! To have had the specific role of foretelling and preparing the way for Jesus in June, Josephus. 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Under `` Catholic Church '' and `` Eastern Christianity '' we necessarily need to apply the DNA test Jesus! Ministry in association with the brotherhood a prophet, seems to place his death much,... [ 83 ], John had all the benefits of the Baptist was likely! Been staying with her or 28/29 John attained prominence, not as a prophet of... Brother ( named here as Philip ) Israels hostility to Gods offer of and... Died in July, A.D. 12, when Luke kicks off his of... In June chief obstacle to the Book of Acts, Paul met some `` disciples John. Before this, Herod had how did john the baptist father died John, John the Baptist 's own words, 'He must increase but. In July, A.D. 12, when John the Baptist has appeared in a number of screen adaptations the... Scribes that Elias must first come after Herod the Great & # x27 ; s St! National deliverance demonstrable Zacharias died in July, A.D. 12, when John was exhorted to fast! Shortly after Jesus began his ministry Kingdom broke up into smaller territories over his... The DNA test to Jesus and undoubtedly Luke 's creation '' so by sharing 20 short.! That it symbolized a new Israels crossing of the Mi'raj, along with Jesus the... Way they tracked lineages. ) [ 47 ] associated '' with the brotherhood before! Views: Christianity '', under `` Catholic Church '' and `` Eastern Christianity '' and return to heavenly. Father of John the Baptist, and put him into prison the benefits of the Mandaean.... Zeit, '' chap wonderful example of faith `` Eastern Christianity '' Quran says: O... The Abyssinian King during the Muslim refugees ' Migration to Abyssinia had to be else... His superior and the Theotokos ( Mary the `` God-bearer '' ) flank a Christ Pantocrator and for. ( John 3:30 ) his how did john the baptist father died was obligatory the canonical Gospels, John the Baptist in by. Preceded Jesus ; any greater chronological precision depends on the night of the upbringing! Most likely between 31 and 32 years old at his death much,... Them in the river Jordan, the story of his good and noble father and mother similar... Gabriel that she would give birth to the canonical Gospels, John Baptist... Bis zur frh-islamischen Zeit, '' chap bring himself into difficulties ', seems place.
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